Thermal expansion is a well-known phenomenon, but the Dutch paradigm has a different explanation for its origin.
It is the natural tendency of a substance to expand or contract in response to changes in temperature due to heat transfer.
Wikipedia:
Temperature is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance. When a substance is heated, the kinetic energy of its molecules increases. Thus, the molecules begin moving more and usually maintain a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature are unusual; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges (see examples below). The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material’s coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.
The common belief is that temperature reflects the kinetic energy of molecules. According to this perspective, the size of the molecules remains constant; they simply vibrate in all directions and expand when heated.
While this explanation seems logical, it also reveals a potential misunderstanding that makes this model difficult to defend. Ambient temperature has no specific direction, which implies that the vibrations must also be direction-insensitive. This suggests that the prevailing idea is that the molecules pulsate in a spherical or quasi-spherical manner.
This description relates to molecular behavior and requires atomic-level interpretation. Do atoms and nuclei exhibit the same type of spherical vibrations?
The Dutch Paradigm provides another model for understanding thermal expansion.
In the illustration we have:
Substances exist in solid, liquid, and gaseous states at lower temperatures. When the temperature increases, the electrons in the outer shell might move away from the nucleus, breaking the Coulomb binding. This results in the ionization of the atoms. However, most elements still have one or more electron-filled shells, except for certain elements found low in the Periodic Table. More electrons will be released from their Coulomb barrier at extremely high temperatures.
Electrons can overcome their Coulomb barrier by absorbing energy, which means they interact with photons at specific frequency levels and free electric energy. This behavior is not predicted by the prevailing paradigm of vibrating molecules and atoms.
At various temperature levels, molecules and atoms are surrounded by a sea of photons that can be absorbed by gamma photons within their structures. These gamma photons exist in the electrons as well as in the dodecahedrons of the nucleus. This absorption occurs due to photon-photon interference. When a photon enters an atom, it can constructively interfere with other photons present. This interference can happen either in the electron shell or within the nucleus.
Instead of simply passing through and being emitted or reflected, the photons inside the atom reach an equilibrium with photons of different frequencies, which depends on the surrounding temperature. These additional photons are often referred to as “visitors” because they only pass through briefly and have a short interference effect. A visiting photon can easily separate from the gamma photon and return to the environment for a subsequent interaction.
This process is similar to how we observe objects in our surroundings. Our ability to see depends on a continuous influx of photons in the visible light spectrum coming to and from objects. The environment is illuminated by these photons, provided there is a sufficient source emitting the necessary light.
What we observe is visible proof of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
When the source stops emitting the appropriate photons, the objects become invisible again due to the ongoing random dissipation of the emitted photons.
This process of dissipation occurs with photons at every frequency level.
Thus, when we use the term “naked” to describe entities such as the naked photon, naked electron, and naked proton, we refer to a hypothetical scenario that cannot be achieved in physical reality. This suggests the absence of all environmental influences on photons, effectively describing these entities at absolute zero (zero Kelvin).
We measure physical phenomena at ambient temperatures, which means we will always encounter additional photons that interfere specifically with the gamma photons in the constructs.