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# The Dutch Paradigm

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## Pages

- [INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY](https://thedutchparadigm.org/) - "The Dutch Paradigm" presents innovative models for elementary particles within the field of particle physics. These models are based on logical deductions drawn from widely accepted and documented human observations of subatomic events. The book delves into the structural characteristics of electrons, protons, and neutrons, offering additional insights into atomic nuclei and the formation of
- [My books](https://thedutchparadigm.org/my-book/) - The e-book format for the series The Dutch Paradigm is available in five volumes. Please click on the provided link to gain free access. TDPbook1WP TDPBook2ENGWP TDPbook3WP TDPBook4WP TDPBook5WP
- [Waves and fields](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/light/waves-and-fields-3/) - Waves and fields play a dominant role in the prevailing paradigm to explain particle interference behavior. Electromagnetic radiation To comprehend the currently accepted principles of electromagnetic radiation, we can once again refer to Wikipedia as a source of information. Wikipedia: In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) refers to the waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field, propagating (radiating)
- [Unkown inherent assumptions](https://thedutchparadigm.org/validity-assumptions/assumptions/unknown-inherent-assumptions/) - As human beings, we receive sensory information through our physical bodies, but how this sensory system works is not fully understood. We can observe our environment using all of our senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. Our sensory organs help us gather information that is important for our survival and personal development. We assign
- [Hidden assumptions](https://thedutchparadigm.org/validity-assumptions/assumptions/419-2/) - After a theory accurately predicts experiment outcomes and an equation describes variables mathematically, it becomes a powerful tool for exploring different variable values. However, this can become a problem. Once a theory gains wide acceptance, there is usually little doubt about the validity of its equations. These equations define the variables for technical applications of
- [Declared assumptions](https://thedutchparadigm.org/validity-assumptions/assumptions/416-2/) - Assumptions will be specifically declared when there are indications for influencing the outcome of an experiment. To enable other scientists to replicate the experiment, they specify a particular value or condition. If the experiment, conducted under the specified assumptions, yields the same result, it indicates adequate control over the test conditions. A different result may
- [Laws of Science](https://thedutchparadigm.org/validity-assumptions/laws-of-science/) - In several sections, there is reference to laws of science and theories. What is a law of science? Wikipedia: The laws of science or scientific laws are statements that describe or predict a range of phenomena behave as they appear to in nature. The term “law” has diverse usage in many cases: approximate, accurate, broad or narrow theories, in all natural scientific disciplines (physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy, etc.).
- [Absolute zero Kelvin](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/absolute-zero-k/) - Thermal expansion is linear, which serves as an objective measure of thermal comfort levels for humans. The thermal expansion plotted in an XY graph extrapolates to zero expansion. The related temperature became the absolute zero on the scale of Kelvin. On the Celsius scale, this is – 273.15° C. That extrapolation is apparently acceptable in
- [Pauli Exclusion Principle](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/pauli-exclusion-principle/) - The Pauli Exclusion Principle originates from the inability of two electrons to occupy the same quantum state. The Pauli Exclusion Principle practically makes the world ‘solid’ by restricting atoms from occupying the same space, introducing tangibility in the universe. The electromagnetic manifestations of the entities photon and neutrino themselves are not tangible. However, once the
- [About Dark Energy](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/about-dark-energy/) - There exists an unrecognized source of energy that involves the frequency reduction of free electric energy originating from gamma photons. The Dutch Paradigm postulates that all entities, being photons and neutrinos started with a frequency of approx. 10²⁴ Hz. The free electric energy is hF. It is the particle part of what is known as
- [Thermal expansion](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/thermal-expansion/) - Thermal expansion is a well-known phenomenon, but the Dutch paradigm has a different explanation for its origin. It is the natural tendency of a substance to expand or contract in response to changes in temperature due to heat transfer. Wikipedia: Temperature is a monotonic function of the average molecular kinetic energy of a substance. When
- [Dark matter](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/dark-matter/) - The existence of dark matter is an accepted explanation for our observations of the universe. The observation of dark matter is indirect. Galaxies exhibit gravitational behavior beyond what is attributable to visible stars. Dark matter remains undetected through direct electromagnetic observation due to the lack of appropriate instruments. Wikipedia: Dark matter is a hypothetical type of matter distinct
- [There is no mass involved](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/there-is-no-mass-involved/) - The search for the origin of mass is a futile effort. There are only manifestations that are identified as resulting from "mass". The "mass" manifestations result from the formation of constructs with photons and neutrinos as constituents. Interference causes free electric energy to convert into free magnetic monopolar energy, which acts spherically and is additive.
- [About inertia](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/about-inertia/) - Inertia is the process by which entities and constructs adjust to accommodate a potential breach of the speed of light in one or more internal manifestations. Forming the construct changes the speed of the constituents. The speed of manifestations has to adjust by reducing the system's frequency and transferring from free electric energy into free
- [Kinetic rest speed](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/1907-2/) - All naked entities and constructs have a kinetic rest speed The definition of the kinetic rest speed is: The propagation speed at which the entity or construct has no kinetic energy in its electromagnetic manifestations. It is the speed at which the entity of construct emerged. For the photon and neutrino, this kinetic rest speed
- [About gravity](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/about-gravity-2/) - Without gravity, we would be adrift in space. Conventional science regards gravity as a weak force, but its fundamental nature remains elusive. It is believed to be a result of mass, much like inertia. The Dutch Paradigm suggests that only the photon and neutrino are fundamental entities, commonly referred to as particles. All other fundamental
- [Origin of neutrino "mass"](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/origin-of-neutrino-mass/) - The neutrino has a small “mass” manifestation. The Standard Model defines the neutrino as a fundamental particle, meaning it is a point particle. However, the neutrino exhibits behavior indicating it has a small mass, the origin of which is unclear. It's as if this mass doesn't need spatial extension or substance. The Dutch Paradigm attempts
- [Information exchange to the outside of the atom](https://thedutchparadigm.org/building-the-atom/information-exchange-to-outside-the-atom/) - We understand how an atom interacts with its environment. Similar interactions can also occur in the opposite direction. Atoms can share electrons from their outer shells with other atoms to form molecules. These molecules can combine to create crystals, resulting in solid structures, or they can exhibit viscous or gaseous behavior. Atoms can also bond
- [Periodic Table of the Elements](https://thedutchparadigm.org/building-the-atom/periodic-table/) - We moved from the subatomic realm to the atomic world, representing our physical environment, known as the macrocosmic world. The periodic table: We are well-versed in these elements, so there is no need for further elaboration, as they are part of our everyday lives. We have gained insights into interpreting certain peculiarities, such as
- [Information exchange within the atom](https://thedutchparadigm.org/building-the-atom/information-exchange-within-the-atom/) - The nucleus of an atom consists of entities in interference with spatial manifestations configured into twin dodecahedrons. All are interlinked within the nucleus and with the entities configured in electrons in the electron shells. The architecture and dynamics of the Periodic Table of Elements reflect the factual situation, along with the events that form the
- [Electron shell](https://thedutchparadigm.org/building-the-atom/electron-shell/) - We now enter the realm of the macrocosmic world by forming electron shells with electrons orbiting around the nucleus. There is a wealth of information available about electron shells. The Dutch Paradigm acknowledges this information while recognizing that conventional science has assumed unsubstantiated properties of electrons in orbits. Understanding the limitations of the assumed isotropic
- [Nucleus](https://thedutchparadigm.org/building-the-atom/nucleus/) - The test for building more complex baryons was by linking protons and neutrons into a chain. The next step is testing 3D. The nucleus of deuterium: It provided the first indication of how to apply the method of adding and subtracting the contributions of spin and electric vectors from various binding and compounded faces
- [Preliminary calculations](https://thedutchparadigm.org/protonneutron/rough-calculations/) - Opening remarks. Order of magnitude calculations will determine if the assumptions of The Dutch Paradigm align with observed realities. The development of the universe, including the formation of protons and neutrons, is fundamentally deterministic. The Dutch Paradigm suggests that the universe is intentionally designed to be deterministic up to a certain point, enabling conscious observers
- [Neutron-proton composites](https://thedutchparadigm.org/protonneutron/neutron-proton-decay/) - It is not possible to create more complex nuclei just by combining protons together. Two protons in close proximity will repel if their electric vectors point in the same direction, preventing the formation of a new structure. However, there is a possibility that two protons will assemble and form a new structure. We now understand
- [Neutron/proton decay](https://thedutchparadigm.org/protonneutron/neutronproton-decay/) - The naked neutron ‘decays’ in a proton. For the twin-dodecahedron model of The Dutch Paradigm, an animation is made to illustrate the neutron oscillation: http://thedutchparadigm.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/neutronoscill1.mp4 The naked neutron decays into a proton within minutes. During β-decay, the neutron emits an electron and a neutrino. A description of the β-decay process is: Wikipedia In nuclear
- [Twin-dodecahedrons](https://thedutchparadigm.org/protonneutron/twin-dodecahedrons/) - When two dodecahedrons collide under pressure, they form a pair. All electrons within a single dodecahedron oscillate in sync. The oscillation mode is related to the chirality status of the neutrino as a constituent of the electron, whether left-handed or right-handed. For illustrations, the dodecahedrons having outward pointing vectors will be colored red, and
- [Dodecahedrons](https://thedutchparadigm.org/protonneutron/dodecahedrons/) - Some behavioral characteristics of electrons arranged in a dodecahedron: build-up of gravitational attraction through free magnetic energy. THE BUILDUP OF GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION THROUGH FREE MAGNETIC ENERGY An illustration of the forming of the dodecahedron was: Before the encounter, all 12 electrons are moving at relativistic speeds. After the encounter and forming the dodecahedral
- [Proton/neutron](https://thedutchparadigm.org/protonneutron/) - The electrons form spatial arrangements with other electrons. Twelve electrons can configure into a spatial arrangement resembling a dodecahedron, which serves as the building block of protons and neutrons. At first glance, this seems counterintuitive. Traditional science assumes electrons always repel each other due to their similar isotropic electric charge. Therefore, we need to better
- [What's next?](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/whats-next/) - Interference of electrons, forming of dodecahedrons Electrons are present in massive numbers throughout the universe and can interfere with other particles and structures. The types of forces available to impact on the electron: The Coulomb force The gravitational force The Lorentz force The Dutch Paradigm suggests that electrons are the building blocks of protons and
- [Coulomb, gravitational and Lorentz forces](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/coulomb-and-lorentz-forces/) - The first construct in the universe is the electron constituted of a gamma neutrino and a gamma photon. The three forces are at work in rearranging energies. The electron has an additional interference capability due to the asymmetric electric manifestation. This asymmetric electric manifestation can interfere with external magnetic manifestations. Also, the free magnetic manifestation
- [Electron is not a point particle](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/electron/electron-point-particle/) - The present featured model in physics for the electron is a point particle with no physical dimensions, an electric charge and ½ spin, and an invariant mass of an unknown source. According to The Dutch Paradigm, it is a construct of a gamma photon and a gamma neutrino. The generally accepted model can accurately calculate
- [Reality check electron concept](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/electron/relality-check-electron-concept/) - For a reality check, the description of an electron as in Wikipedia is the reference. Wikipedia: The electron (symbol: e−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no known components or substructure. The electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton. Quantum mechanical properties of the electron include an
- [Photon/neutrino interference: The Electron](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/electron/) - The interference between photons and neutrinos can causally induce the construction of an electron. In The Dutch Paradigm, the electron is not regarded as a fundamental particle; instead, it is viewed as a construct of a photon and a neutrino
- [Interferences](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/wave-interference/) - Interference is a well-known phenomenon that occurs when particles interact. The Dutch Paradigm acknowledges photon/neutrino interference. The electromagnetic manifestations of the two types of entities, the photon and neutrino, can potentially interfere. This interference can have lasting strong or weak effects. If it is strong and has significant consequences, it requires causality driven by a
- [Neutrino oscillation](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/neutrino-oscillations/) - The particle-wave nature of the neutrino is the root cause of spin oscillation. Naked neutrinos have a preference for left-handed chirality but can oscillate between left-handed and right-handed spins. This indicates that the spin of a neutrino is not a fixed property and can change due to interference. Wikipedia: Oscillation A practical method for investigating
- [Start frequency](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/start-frequencies/) - The Dutch Paradigm posits that the Big Bang was a flawless event, leading to a universe where we encounter various physical constants of nature. Before the Big Bang, all photons and all neutrinos in the singularity were equal, with their respective electromagnetic systems in equilibrium. Causality emerges from a brief interruption of the magnetic compensation
- [Reality check neutrino concept](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/a-second-form-of-light/reality-check-neutrino-concept/) - The Dutch Paradigm postulates that only two types of entities are released at the Big Bang: the photon and the neutrino. All other fundamental particles are either these two particles but at different levels of frequency, or they are part of the construct of the electron. The neutrino is the second type of particle. It
- [Neutrino: EM system in rotation](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/a-second-form-of-light/) - The neutrino is similar to the photon, but with the electromagnetic system rotating in its plane of activity. This assumption is part of The Dutch Paradigm. It needs further explanation. To recapitulate for linear light, looking into the direction of propagation of the naked photon, we can explain the vector action of the electrical component
- [Magnetism](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/magnetism/) - We observe causality in action, triggered by free energy. Magnetism reflects the effects. The free electric energy released during the second period of the Big Bang represents the particle aspect of an entity's particle/wave duality. This free energy is inherently ‘electric’ as it is part of the electromagnetic causal system that operates within an
- [Causality is born](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/causality-was-born/) - A human being uses perceived causality to shape reality according to their will. We can only exercise our will when most of the phenomena that we observe show a high level of predictable behavior. These phenomena must be part of a highly reliable causal system. For example, when we walk, we expect support with every
- [Light](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/light/) - Light is a crucial phenomenon for human observers to acquire and share visual impressions of objects in the world around us. This observation results from the interference of manifestations of photons within our eyes. A human observer can see objects because we can combine a huge number of these interferences into an impression of what
- [Point Particles](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/the-standard-model-of-fundamental-particles-and-interactions/point-particles/) - Fundamental or Elementary Particles, declared in the Standard Model, are considered Point Particles. Particles are categorized as Fermions or Bosons based on a spin characteristic. As per their definitions, bosons have a spin value of 1, while Fermions have a spin value of 1/2. Fermions are known as mass carriers and are considered to be
- [The Big Bang](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/general-idea-of-the-big-bang-2/) - The prevailing cosmological model for explaining the universe's early development is the Big Bang theory. The Dutch Paradigm suggests a sequence of initial events before this early development. Numerous theories about the Big Bang exist, especially regarding the brief period following this significant event. We won't outline these theories here in detail as none of
- [The Sun and black matter](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/the-sun/) - The Sun and black matter There are quite complex explanations for how the Sun originated. The basic idea is that hydrogen atoms, which are residual fissionable material generated by the cataclysmic death of other stars, came together in various ways. The gravitational force caused compression, which increased the temperature. As a result, the hydrogen atoms
- [Validity limits](https://thedutchparadigm.org/validity-assumptions/validity-boundaries/) - When discussing the laws of nature or science, we must remember that their assumed validity is limited by the conditions and timeframes we can emulate based on underlying observations. The principle of falsification of theories, as described by Karl Popper, highlights the value of observations that arise when we explore new territory. Encountering the unknown
- [Assumptions](https://thedutchparadigm.org/validity-assumptions/assumptions/) - We must have a common set of assumptions whenever we study nature and compare observations with other human beings. Assumptions are accepted as true or certain to happen without proof. Most of the common set of assumptions are so basic that they are often not even declared. We take many complex interactions for granted simply
- [Photon: Light in phase shift](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/light-in-phase-shift/) - The path of a naked photon's electromagnetic manifestations through space forms perpendicular sinusoids for both the electric and magnetic manifestations. Illustrated in graphical form: Both manifestations associated with the entity are in phase and symmetric, as reflected in Maxwell's equations. But: The assumption that the electric component was uncompensated in the second period
- [Magnetism back again](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/magnetism-back-again/) - The third phase after the outburst of free energy start when magnetism as the counteractive part in electromagnetic causalities becomes active again. To state the specific assumptions, postulates, and first principles as respected by The Dutch Paradigm: Before the Big Bang, the entities had manifestations with potential capabilities of spatial manifestation and interference only. In
- [Light](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/light/) - Light is a phenomenon that is known in many different interpretations. Note: this chapter has the same base as discussed under Intro Particle Physics, but with additional remarks., Light is a crucial phenomenon that enables human observers to perceive and share visual impressions of objects in the surrounding world. The act of seeing results from
- [Causality](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/causality/) - Causality is crucial for humans, serving as a necessary condition for their existence in the physical world, which operates on constructive logic rather than destructive chaos. The Dutch Paradigm uses causality as a metaphor to comprehend the events of the Big Bang. The definition of causality is: Wikipedia: Causality is the relation between an event (the cause) and a
- [Conventions](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/beginning-of-the-universe/conventions/) - We do not know if the universe has a purpose. Entities are not just geometric point particles. Was the universe created, or is it just there? Most religions offer answers in their holy texts, but these are not consistent with scientific findings regarding the creation of the universe. Introducing esoteric historical explanations of the universe
- [At the beginning of the Universe](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/beginning-of-the-universe/) - The Dutch Paradigm's concept of the electron as a construct connects to theories about the origin of the universe. It presents a precise and constructive account of events. These ideas translated into a simple animation showing: http://thedutchparadigm.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/BigBanganimation1.mp4 moreover, the crucial question was raised: If we have a fixed amount of available free electric energy
- [The Electron is a construct, not a point particle](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/the-electron-is-a-construct-not-a-point-particle/) - In the chapter on The Electron, the question was: For what reasons is an electron identified as a fundamental particle? An obvious answer is that we cannot reduce an electron in other fundamental particles. Even so, then there is still the question: even if it is impossible to reduce an electron, why is it assumed
- [THE ELECTRON](https://thedutchparadigm.org/the-paradigm/) - The electron is indicated as Fermion and, as such, an elementary particle in The Standard Model. The electron and the subsequent generations muon and tau are studied and described in detail in the scientific literature. We use as starting position the first assessment as in Wikipedia as reference: Wikipedia: The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol e− or β−, whose electric
- [Chaos at start?](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/chaos-at-start/) - Even though there is confidence that the values of physical constants are valid in time, it cannot be excluded that during the very first period of saying some ‘seconds,’ the physical laws and constants could have been different. If something has the potential to happen, then under unknown circumstances, it might happen again in different
- [Physical constants](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/physical-constants/) - We identify physical properties with constant values and no apparent deviation through observations and measurements. The speed of light in a vacuum is a crucial example. It is extremely important for observation as it allows us to see the world around us with precision, not only in our immediate environment but also over large distances.
- [Energy](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/energy/) - The Standard Model focuses on particles and their interactions, with energy being the system's driving force. Particles with half-integer spin are known as fermions, whereas those with integer spin are referred to as bosons. Fermions are considered the building blocks of matter, and bosons are considered responsible for carrying forces. However, there is no focus
- [Spin](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/the-standard-model-of-fundamental-particles-and-interactions/99-2/) - The third physical property attributed to fundamental particles is spin. Spin is a phenomenon in quantum physics. Let's start by exploring its history. Wikipedia: Spin was first discovered in the context of the emission spectrum of alkali metals. In 1924 Wolfgang Pauli introduced what he called a "two-valued quantum degree of freedom" associated with the electron in the outermost shell. This
- [Electric charge](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/the-standard-model-of-fundamental-particles-and-interactions/electrical-charge/) - Electric charge is another fundamental physical property attributed to particles. Wikipedia for electric charge: Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when close to other electrically charged matter. There are two types of electric charges – positive and negative. Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively charged substances, but attracted to negatively charged substances; negatively charged
- [Mass](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/the-standard-model-of-fundamental-particles-and-interactions/mass-2/) - Mass is considered one of the three primary physical properties of fundamental particles. Mass is a property of matter that was first described in mathematical form by Isaac Newton in the year 1687. Mass is a property of a physical body that determines the body’s resistance to being accelerated by a force and its mutual
- [The Standard Model](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/the-standard-model-of-fundamental-particles-and-interactions/) - The Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions, as per the prevailing paradigm, offers a comprehensive overview of our understanding of observed phenomena and their theoretical explanations. This Standard Model is also a point of reference for this book when The Dutch Paradigm suggests an alternative interpretation of
- [Contact](https://thedutchparadigm.org/contact/) - Address: Stichting The Dutch Paradigm Herinkhave 4 5655JL Eindhoven The Netherlands tel : +31646260267 e-mail: jacbrk@gmail.com
- [Validity of assumptions](https://thedutchparadigm.org/validity-assumptions/) - In the next sections of this paragraph will be discussed: Laws of Science Assumptions Validity boundaries
- [Contact information](https://thedutchparadigm.org/contact/contact-information/) - Stichting The Dutch Paradigm Herinkhave 4 5655 JL Eindhoven The Netherlands jacbrk@gmail.com
- [New? Start here](https://thedutchparadigm.org/new-start-here/) - Welcome to this site. In this site, I, Jac van den Broek, provide food for thought to widen the scientific view of the physical reality in which we live. We all have our subjective view and lots of common questions why we are here as an individual, as a human being. We understand enough of
- [Intro Particle Physics](https://thedutchparadigm.org/13-2/) - The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model to explain the early development of the universe. There are various theories about the Big Bang, and particularly about the first extremely short period that occurred after this major event. We could describe all these theories here, but this will not be done because so far,
- [Building the atom](https://thedutchparadigm.org/building-the-atom/) - The following subjects will be discussed in the sections of this paragraph: Nucleus Electron shell Information exchange within the atom Periodic Table of Elements Information exchange to the outside of the atom
- [Topics on](https://thedutchparadigm.org/focus-on/) - The following topics will be discussed in subsequent sections in this paragraph: Origin of neutrino "mass" About Gravity Kinetic rest speed About inertia There is no mass involved Dark matter Pauli Exclusion Principle Thermal expansion About dark energy Absolute zero Kelvin The Sun and black matter